Thomas Bayes, an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and theologian, made significant contributions to probability theory, including Bayes' theorem. This theorem is a cornerstone of Bayesian statistics, which interprets probability as a degree of belief in an event, based on prior knowledge or personal beliefs. This approach has influenced various disciplines, including artificial intelligence and medical diagnostics, contrasting with the frequentist approach where uncertainty is measured by the frequency of a particular outcome.
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